Economic and non-economic drivers of the low-carbon energy transition: evidence from households in the UK, rural India, and refugee settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa

In this thesis I investigate the drivers of household clean energy technology adoption, looking at the role of economic variables, such as prices and monetary incentives, but also at non-strictly economic dimensions, such as geography, peer influence, health concerns, and heterogeneity in experience, priorities and perceptions of the technology. The topic develops into two main lines of inquiry. The first one explores the uptake of residential solar PV systems in the UK. In Chapter 1 I look at how the UK feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme contributed to shape the distribution of decentralised electricity generation around the country. I ask in particular how effective the policy was at triggering the siting of solar installations in locations with better generation potential. In Chapter 2 I show that peer effects contribute to the diffusion of this technology, and they act as complements to the monetary incentives. I discuss two possible channels through which peer effects may operate social utility derived from imitation, and social learning from information sharing among neighbours and find evidence consistent with a dominant role of the latter. The second line of research focuses on valuation of non-traditional cookstoves in Sub-Saharan refugee settlements (Chapter 3) and rural villages in Odisha, India (Chapter 4). I use stated preferences to investigate how different features of the cooking technologies and household heterogeneity affect willingness to pay. In the context of refugee settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa (Chapter 3), I complement the analysis by looking at how the non-traditional cookstoves distributed among the residents affect fuel effciency, health and safety, time use and the gendered distribution of the cooking workload. In Chapter 4, I focus instead on how positive and negative experiences with biogas for cooking affect the stated willingness to pay for that technology in rural India, and how experience interacts with risk aversion, time preferences, and credit constraints

Unexpected skeletal histology of an ichthyosaur from the middle jurassic of patagonia: Implications for evolution of bone microstructure among secondary aquatic tetrapods

During the Mesozoic, one of the most significant evolutionary processes was the secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water. Several non-related lineages invaded from the terrestrial realms and from the oceans of the entire world. Among these lineages, ichthyosaurs were particularly successful. Advance parvipelvian ichthyosaurs were the first tetrapods to evolve a fish-shaped body profile. The deep skeletal modifications of their bodies, as well as their biology, depict advance ichthyosaurs as the paradigm of secondary adaptation of reptiles tomarine life. Functional inferences point to themas off-shore cruising forms, similar to a living tuna, and some of them were capable of deep diving. Bone histology of some genera such as Temnodontosaurus, Stenopterygius, Ichthyosaurus, and Caypullisaurus, characterized by overall cancellous bone, is consistent with the idea of a fish-shaped ichthyosaurs as fast and far cruisers. Here, we provide histological examination of the ribs of the Middle Jurassic parvipelvian Mollesaurus. Contrasting with the bone histology of other parvipelvian, Mollesaurus ribs are characterized by a compact and thick cortex. Our data indicate that the rib cage was heavy and suggest that not all advanced ichthyosaurs were fast cruisers. The compact and dense ribs in these parvipelvian show that advance ichthyosaurs were ecologically more diverse than previously thought and that the lightening of the skeleton reversed, as also occurred in the evolution of cetacean, at least once along the evolutionary history of ichthyosaurs.Fil: Talevi, Marianella. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Marta Susana. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentin

Let them eat meat? Projections of animal source food consumption in the USA

The aim of this work is to provide projections for the consumption of meat and other animal source foods in the United States, using representative microdata from National surveys. Following a data-driven approach, we firstly estimate a semi-parametric model for the consumption of meat in the United States, using the age structure and the income distribution of the population as the main explicative regressors, and controlling for other socio-demographic characteristics of the individuals. The main body of the thesis then deals with the hurdles of obtaining projections of the individual consumption from cross-section data for different years rather than from a (more advisable but not available) panel-data structure

Engaging men and women in energy production in Norway and the United Kingdom: the significance of social practices and gender relations

To achieve an energy transition favouring renewable energy in the face of climate change, several countries in the EU region have pursued different economic incentives to encourage citizens to invest in household solar systems. This enables citizens to become ‘prosumers’ who produce electricity for their own consumption and sell excess produced electricity to the central grid supply. Influencing people's energy consumption in this way can potentially reach EU's renewable energy targets, as prosumers add to the stock of renewable energy nationally. Through in-depth interviews with men and women from 28 households in Norway and the United Kingdom, this article explores the process of becoming a prosumer and the energy practices in prosuming households. Drawing on theories of social practice and domestication, the article pays particular attention to how the phases of appropriation, objectification, incorporation and conversion of household solar systems are gendered in the sense that women and men have different economic, social and cultural capital, and to how this influences their interaction with technology in the transition from consumers to prosumers. Viewing prosuming through the gender lens reveals how policies need to be designed to promote new practices that are attractive for a more diverse group than today's standard subsidies and feed-in tariffs if the aim is to increase the number of residential prosumers and transition to a more sustainable and equitable low-carbon energy system

Remodelling of skeletal tissues bone and structural specialisations in an elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina

Elasmosauridae were cosmopolitan Late Cretaceous plesiosaurs with conspicuous morphological diversity. Within this group, vertebral morphology is a criterion for estimating relative age in plesiosaur. On the other hand, the microstructure of plesiosaur bone is considered as indicative of ontogenetic stage. However, knowledge about ontogenetic tissue transformation in different elements of the skeleton is poorly known. Resorption and remodelling of skeletal tissues are required for development and growth, mechanical adaptation, repair and mineral homeostasis of the vertebrate skeleton. This contribution analyses different postcranial elements of a Late Cretaceous elasmosaurid from Patagonia. Characterisation of bone microstructure indicates the presence of compact bone inner organisation in an adult derived plesiosaur from the Cretaceous and that the distribution of bone specialisations depicts conspicuous variations within a single skeleton depending on the skeletal element considered. Bone compactness or degree of remodelling in elasmosaurids is not necessarily correlated with the ontogenetic age of the animal or to costal versus pelagic lifestyles. The available data are still scarce, but we propose a topic of discussion: perhaps the degree of remodelling and compactness also may be related to the activity level and increased mechanical load in different skeletal elements.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

A pathological scapula in a mosasaur from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica: Evidence of infectious arthritis and spondyloarthropathy

We describe infectious arthritis and spondyloarthropathy in a juvenile mosasaur recovered from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica, representing the first report of a skeletal pathology of a mosasaur from the southern hemisphere. Macroscopic examination of the scapula revealed a remodelled, deeply excavated and expanded gleno-humeral joint with adjacent linear disruption. X-ray examination revealed a deep excavation expanding the glenoid fossa, with disorganized subchondral bone and a focal spherical defect. The individual did not continue to grow for a long time after the appearance of the lesion. Although not directly related to the mosasaur death, this condition may have contributed to the demise of the animal by reducing its effectiveness at obtaining food or increasing susceptibility to fatal disease, additional injury, or even predation.Fil: Talevi, Marianella. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Alto Valle. Instituto de Investigaciones en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Rothschild, Bruce. The Carnegie Museum; Estados Unidos. Indiana University; Estados UnidosFil: Fernández, Marta Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; ArgentinaFil: Reguero, Marcelo Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; Argentina. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Mitidieri, Matías. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Alto Valle. Instituto de Investigaciones en Paleobiología y Geología; Argentin

Speaking from experience: preferences for cooking with biogas in rural India

Biogas has the potential to satisfy the clean energy needs of millions of households in under-served and energy-poor rural areas, while reducing both private and social costs linked to (i) fuels for household cooking, (ii) fertilizers, (iii) pressure on forests, and (iv) emissions (e.g., PM 2.5 and methane) that damage both household health and global climate. While the literature has focused on identifying these costs, less attention has been paid to household preferences for biogas systems — specifically what attributes are popular with which types of households. We conduct a discrete choice experiment with 503 households in rural Odisha, India, to better characterize preferences for different attributes (smoke reduction, fuel efficiency, and maintenance) and for different cooking technologies (biogas and an improved biomass cookstove). We find that on average households value smoke reduction and fuel efficiency. Willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for the improved biomass cookstove is low, while willingness to pay a premium for biogas is high. Nonetheless, WTP varies by the type of previous experience with biogas (e.g., good or bad experience) and with time and risk preferences of households. While risk-averse and impatient respondents have lower WTP for the improved cookstoves, previous experience with biogas attenuates this gap. These findings suggest that biogas uptake and diffusion could be improved by complementing existing subsidies with technology trials, good quality products, maintenance, and customer services to reduce uncertainty

Ontogenetic variation in the bone histology of caypullisaurus bonapartei fernández, 1997 (ichthyosauria: ophthalmosauridae)

Con el objetivo de explorar las posibles modificaciones osteohistológicas atribuibles a variaciones ontogenéticas en ictiosaurios, se estudió la microestructura ósea del oftalmosáurido Caypullisaurus bonapartei Fernandez. Se seleccionaron y analizaron secciones delgadas obtenidas a partir de costillas de tres ejemplares (MLP85-I-15-1, 83-XI-15-1 y 83-XI-16-1) exhumados de la Formación Vaca Muerta (Titoniano, Jurásico Tardío) en la Cuenca Neuquina (Argentina). El estado madurativo de estos ejemplares había sido determinado previamente con base en la morfología del húmero y de los anillos escleróticos. Las secciones correspondientes al primer ejemplar se componen por un tejido esponjoso que se distribuye uniformemente alrededor de la cavidad medular. Microscópicamente, el hueso esponjoso es de origen secundario con abundantes espacios internos delimitados por trabéculas óseas donde se observan numerosas generaciones de tejido lamelar superpuestas entre sí. En el segundo ejemplar (juvenil) se observa un tejido esponjoso de origen primario rodeando la cavidad medular y se observan fibras de Sharpey. En el tercer ejemplar, la cavidad medular se encuentra ocupada por un tejido esponjoso secundario que se distribuye uniformemente en toda la sección. Estos resultados sugieren que las modificaciones macroscópicas clásicamente atribuibles a la ontogenia tienen un correlato en la microestructura ósea. Así, en los huesos de individuos inmaduros se observa la presencia de tejido primario, en tanto que los huesos de los individuos maduros están caracterizados por la presencia de tejido remodelado. Estas características son claramente identificables y brindan un criterio auxiliar para la determinación de estadios ontogenéticos cuando no se cuenta con material completo.In order to explore the osteohistological ontogenetic variation in ichthyosaurs, we studied the bone microstructure of the ophtalmosaurid Caypullisaurus bonapartei Fernandez. The analyzed thin sections were obtained from three ribs belonging to different individuals (MLP85-I-15-1, 83-XI-15-1 and 83-XI-16-1), from the Vaca Muerta Formation (Tithonian, Late Jurassic), in the Neuquén Basin (Argentina). The ontogenetic stages of these specimens have previously been determined based on the morphology of the humerus and the sclerotic rings. The first specimen is composed entirely of finely spongy tissue distributed around the medullary cavity. Microscopically, the spongy bone is secondary, with abundant inner spaces delimited by bone trabeculae. There are numerous overlapping generations of lamellar bone. The second specimen (a juvenile) shows primary spongy bone surrounding the medullary cavity and Sharpey’s fibers. The third specimen lacks a medullary cavity; instead, the medullary region is occupied by secondary spongy bone, uniformly distributed through the entire section. These results suggest that the macroscopic changes classically attributable to ontogeny have a correlation in bone microstructure. The bones of immature individuals show some primary bone, while the bones of the mature specimens are characterized by the exclusive presence of secondary bone. These features are easily identifiable, and provide an auxiliary criterion for the determination of ontogenetic stages in incomplete and fragmentary specimens.Fil: Talevi, Marianella. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Marta Susana. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Salgado, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; Argentin

A new Plotosaurini mosasaur skull from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica. Plotosaurini paleogeographic occurrences

During the Antarctic summer campaigns and as a result of paleontological fieldworks 2013–2015 several mosasaur remains have been collected from the upper Maastrichtian López de Bertodano Formation exposed at Marambio (=Seymour) Island, of the Antarctic Peninsula. One of these specimens preserves part of the skull and dentition, which represent one of the few known skulls from Antarctica. The new specimen (MLP 15-I-24-41) is similar to member of the mosasaur tribe Plotosaurini, sharing the same fronto-parietal suture pattern, and a similar dental morphology as some of the species assigned to the genus. As the specimen is not complete enough to propose a new name it is referred to Mosasaurus sp. The presence of these remains on the southern hemisphere represents one of the most complete records of a Mosasaurus mosasaur.Fil: González Ruiz, Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael - Ianigla | Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael - Ianigla | Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael - Ianigla; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Marta Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; ArgentinaFil: Talevi, Marianella. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Leardi, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Reguero, Marcelo Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; Argentina. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; Argentin

Morphology of the sacral region and reproductive strategies of Metriorhynchidae: a counter-inductive approach

Morphological and physiological features indicate Metriorhynchidae as the only group of crocodylomorphs with a pelagic lifestyle. Some of these features have evolved convergently in several clades of tetrapods secondarily adapted to aquatic life. One striking feature of metriorhynchids as compared to other crocodylomorphs is the morphology of the pelvic region (i.e., ventrally deflected sacral ribs and reduced pelvic girdle), which increases significantly the depth of this region. This morphology, as a whole, resembles that of other viviparous Mesozoic marine reptiles not phylogenetically related to metriorhynchids. We tested two alternative hypotheses of reproductive strategies in this clade: oviparity vs. viviparity. Given the lack of direct evidence supporting one or the other, we explored the use of evidence that may disconfirm either of these hypotheses. Using this counter-inductive approach, we found no cases contradicting viviparity in metriorhynchids, except for their phylogenetic position as archosaurs. A survey of reproductive modes amongst amniotes depicts the evolutionary plasticity of the transition to viviparity, and a widespread occurrence among tetrapods secondarily adapted to a marine life. Assuming oviparity for metriorhynchids implies egg-laying out of the water. However, their postcranial morphology (i.e., features of fore and hind limbs, pelvic girdle, and tail) contradicts this possibility. In this context, we rejected oviparity for metriorhynchids.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse